43 research outputs found
Micro Fourier Transform Profilometry (FTP): 3D shape measurement at 10,000 frames per second
Recent advances in imaging sensors and digital light projection technology
have facilitated a rapid progress in 3D optical sensing, enabling 3D surfaces
of complex-shaped objects to be captured with improved resolution and accuracy.
However, due to the large number of projection patterns required for phase
recovery and disambiguation, the maximum fame rates of current 3D shape
measurement techniques are still limited to the range of hundreds of frames per
second (fps). Here, we demonstrate a new 3D dynamic imaging technique, Micro
Fourier Transform Profilometry (FTP), which can capture 3D surfaces of
transient events at up to 10,000 fps based on our newly developed high-speed
fringe projection system. Compared with existing techniques, FTP has the
prominent advantage of recovering an accurate, unambiguous, and dense 3D point
cloud with only two projected patterns. Furthermore, the phase information is
encoded within a single high-frequency fringe image, thereby allowing
motion-artifact-free reconstruction of transient events with temporal
resolution of 50 microseconds. To show FTP's broad utility, we use it to
reconstruct 3D videos of 4 transient scenes: vibrating cantilevers, rotating
fan blades, bullet fired from a toy gun, and balloon's explosion triggered by a
flying dart, which were previously difficult or even unable to be captured with
conventional approaches.Comment: This manuscript was originally submitted on 30th January 1
Temporal phase unwrapping using deep learning
The multi-frequency temporal phase unwrapping (MF-TPU) method, as a classical
phase unwrapping algorithm for fringe projection profilometry (FPP), is capable
of eliminating the phase ambiguities even in the presence of surface
discontinuities or spatially isolated objects. For the simplest and most
efficient case, two sets of 3-step phase-shifting fringe patterns are used: the
high-frequency one is for 3D measurement and the unit-frequency one is for
unwrapping the phase obtained from the high-frequency pattern set. The final
measurement precision or sensitivity is determined by the number of fringes
used within the high-frequency pattern, under the precondition that the phase
can be successfully unwrapped without triggering the fringe order error.
Consequently, in order to guarantee a reasonable unwrapping success rate, the
fringe number (or period number) of the high-frequency fringe patterns is
generally restricted to about 16, resulting in limited measurement accuracy. On
the other hand, using additional intermediate sets of fringe patterns can
unwrap the phase with higher frequency, but at the expense of a prolonged
pattern sequence. Inspired by recent successes of deep learning techniques for
computer vision and computational imaging, in this work, we report that the
deep neural networks can learn to perform TPU after appropriate training, as
called deep-learning based temporal phase unwrapping (DL-TPU), which can
substantially improve the unwrapping reliability compared with MF-TPU even in
the presence of different types of error sources, e.g., intensity noise, low
fringe modulation, and projector nonlinearity. We further experimentally
demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that the high-frequency phase
obtained from 64-period 3-step phase-shifting fringe patterns can be directly
and reliably unwrapped from one unit-frequency phase using DL-TPU
Bayesian Domain Invariant Learning via Posterior Generalization of Parameter Distributions
Domain invariant learning aims to learn models that extract invariant
features over various training domains, resulting in better generalization to
unseen target domains. Recently, Bayesian Neural Networks have achieved
promising results in domain invariant learning, but most works concentrate on
aligning features distributions rather than parameter distributions. Inspired
by the principle of Bayesian Neural Network, we attempt to directly learn the
domain invariant posterior distribution of network parameters. We first propose
a theorem to show that the invariant posterior of parameters can be implicitly
inferred by aggregating posteriors on different training domains. Our
assumption is more relaxed and allows us to extract more domain invariant
information. We also propose a simple yet effective method, named PosTerior
Generalization (PTG), that can be used to estimate the invariant parameter
distribution. PTG fully exploits variational inference to approximate parameter
distributions, including the invariant posterior and the posteriors on training
domains. Furthermore, we develop a lite version of PTG for widespread
applications. PTG shows competitive performance on various domain
generalization benchmarks on DomainBed. Additionally, PTG can use any existing
domain generalization methods as its prior, and combined with previous
state-of-the-art method the performance can be further improved. Code will be
made public
Catch Me If You Can: A New Low-Rate DDoS Attack Strategy Disguised by Feint
While collaborative systems provide convenience to our lives, they also face
many security threats. One of them is the Low-rate Distributed
Denial-of-Service (LDDoS) attack, which is a worthy concern. Unlike volumetric
DDoS attacks that continuously send large volumes of traffic, LDDoS attacks are
more stealthy and difficult to be detected owing to their low-volume feature.
Due to its stealthiness and harmfulness, LDDoS has become one of the most
destructive attacks in cloud computing. Although a few LDDoS attack detection
and defense methods have been proposed, we observe that sophisticated LDDoS
attacks (being more stealthy) can bypass some of the existing LDDoS defense
methods. To verify our security observation, we proposed a new Feint-based
LDDoS (F-LDDoS) attack strategy. In this strategy, we divide a Pulse Interval
into a Feinting Interval and an Attack Interval. Unlike the previous LDDoS
attacks, the bots also send traffic randomly in the Feinting Interval, thus
disguise themselves as benign users during the F-LDDoS attack. In this way,
although the victim detects that it is under an LDDoS attack, it is difficult
to locate the attack sources and apply mitigation solutions. Experimental
results show that F-LDDoS attack can degrade TCP bandwidth 6.7%-14% more than
the baseline LDDoS attack. Besides, F-LDDoS also reduces the similarities
between bot traffic and aggregated attack traffic, and increases the
uncertainty of packet arrival. These results mean that the proposed F-LDDoS is
more effective and more stealthy than normal LDDoS attacks. Finally, we discuss
the countermeasures of F-LDDoS to draw the attention of defenders and improve
the defense methods
Adaptive CO2 emissions mitigation strategies of global oil refineries in all age groups
Continuous expansion of fossil fuel-based energy infrastructure can be one of the key obstacles in delivering the Paris Agreement goals. The oil refinery is the world's third-largest stationary emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs), but the historical mapping of the regional-specific refining industry, their CO2 emission patterns, and mitigation potentials remain understudied. This study develops a plant-level, technical-specific, and time-series global refinery CO2 emission inventory, covering 1,056 refineries from 2000 to 2018. The CO2 emissions of the refinery industry were about 1.3 gigatonnes (Gt) in 2018, representing 4% of the total. If current technical specifications continue, the global refineries will cumulatively emit 16.5 Gt of CO2 during 2020–2030. The refineries vary in operation age, refining configuration structure, and geographical location, leading to the demand for specific mitigation strategies, such as improving refinery efficiency and upgrading heavy oil processing technologies, which could potentially reduce global cumulative emissions by 10% during 2020–2030
Discrete Dimers of Redox-Active and Fluorescent Perylene Diimide-Based Rigid Isosceles Triangles in the Solid State
The development of rigid covalent chiroptical organic materials, with multiple, readily available redox states, which exhibit high photoluminescence, is of particular importance in relation to both organic electronics and photonics. The chemically stable, thermally robust, and redox-active perylene diimide (PDI) fluorophores have received ever-increasing attention owing to their excellent fluorescence quantum yields in solution. Planar PDI derivatives, however, generally suffer from aggregation-caused emission quenching in the solid state. Herein, we report on the design and synthesis of two chiral isosceles triangles, wherein one PDI fluorophore and two pyromellitic diimide (PMDI) or naphthalene diimide (NDI) units are arranged in a rigid cyclic triangular geometry. The optical, electronic, and magnetic properties of the rigid isosceles triangles are fully characterized by a combination of optical spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry, and computational modeling techniques. Single-crystal XRD analysis shows that both isosceles triangles form discrete, nearly cofacial PDI–PDI π-dimers in the solid state. While the triangles exhibit fluorescence quantum yields of almost unity in solution, the dimers in the solid state exhibit very weak—yet at least an order of magnitude higher—excimer fluorescence yield in comparison with the almost completely quenched fluorescence of a reference PDI. The triangle containing both NDI and PDI subunits shows superior intramolecular energy transfer from the lowest excited singlet state of the NDI to that of the PDI subunit. Cyclic voltammetry suggests that both isosceles triangles exhibit multiple, easily accessible, and reversible redox states. Applications beckon in arenas related to molecular optoelectronic devices